The most important land and water issues facing North America and the world â including landâuse patterns, water management, biodiversity protection, and climate adaptation â require innovative governance arrangements. Most of these issues need to be addressed at several scales simultaneously, ranging from local to global. They require action at the scale of large landscapes given that the geographic scope of the issues often transcends the legal and geographic reach of existing jurisdictions and institutions.
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Showing items 1 through 9 of 47.-
Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2016Amérique septentrionale
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2013
Understanding ecosystem resilience to human impacts is critical for conservation and restoration. The largeâscale dieâoff of New England salt marshes was triggered by overfishing and resulted from decades of runaway crab grazing. In 2009, however, cordgrass began to recover, decreasing dieâoff â¼40% by 2010. We used surveys and experiments to test whether plantâsubstrate feedbacks underlie marsh resilience. Initially, grazerâgenerated dieâoff swept through the cordgrass, creating exposed, stressful peat banks that inhibited plant growth.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2015
We believe that conservation practice is sometimes inhibited by misguided respect for the cultural background in which conservation problems occur. This respect may be rooted in a philosophical standpoint asserting that culturally distinct values cannot be objectively judged against one another, and that those values are therefore equally valid. Here we consider the influence of this school of thought, known as âmoral relativismâ, in the context of the moral basis for biodiversity conservation as it is currently understood.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2009
Phenology is the study of recurring lifeâcycle events, classic examples being the flowering of plants and animal migration. Phenological responses are increasingly relevant for addressing applied environmental issues. Yet, challenges remain with respect to spanning scales of observation, integrating observations across taxa, and modeling phenological sequences to enable ecological forecasts in light of future climate change.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2013
Ecosystems around the world are already threatened by landâuse and landâcover change, extraction of natural resources, biological disturbances, and pollution. These environmental stressors have been the primary source of ecosystem degradation to date, and climate change is now exacerbating some of their effects. Ecosystems already under stress are likely to have more rapid and acute reactions to climate change; it is therefore useful to understand how multiple stresses will interact, especially as the magnitude of climate change increases.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2010
Spatially organized distribution patterns of species and communities are shaped by both autogenic processes (neutral mechanism theory) and exogenous processes (niche theory). In the latter, environmental variables that are themselves spatially organized induce spatial structure in the response variables. The relative importance of these processes has not yet been investigated in urban habitats.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2008Afrique du Sud, Nouvelle-Zélande, Afrique australe
Provision of clean freshwater is an essential ecosystem service that is under increasing pressure worldwide from a variety of conflicting demands. Water yields differ in relation to landâcover type. Successful resource management therefore requires accurate information on yields from alternative vegetation types to adequately address concerns regarding water production. Of particular importance are upper watersheds/catchments, regardless of where water is extracted.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 1995Zambie, Afrique
Wildlife resources under the protective custodianship of skilled managers can thrive and sustain important revenues. Such custodianship is generally lacking among communal rural societies in Africa because of land use policies that overlook the capacity and the practical importance of actively engaging these societies in wildlife management. In Zambia participation by local village communities in this management is recognized as a prerequisite for wildlife development and conservation.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2013États-Unis d'Amérique
Although recent climatic warming has markedly increased fire activity in many biomes, this trend is spatially heterogeneous. Understanding the patterns and controls of this heterogeneity is important for anticipating future fire regime shifts at regional scales and for developing land management policies. To assess climatic and land cover controls on boreal forest fire regimes, we conducted macroscopic‐charcoal analysis of sediment cores and GIS analysis of landscape variation in south‐central Alaska, USA.
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Library ResourceArticles et Livresdécembre, 2009
The valuation of ecosystem services can play an important role in conservation planning and ecosystemâbased management. Unfortunately, gathering primary, siteâspecific data is costly. As a result, a popular alternate method is to conduct a âbenefit transferâ (applying economic value estimates from one location to a similar site in another location). Among the potential pitfalls of such an approach, the correspondence (or lack thereof) between the locations is probably the most important for evaluating the probable validity of the benefit transfer.
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