Poverty reduction through dispossession : the milk boom and the return of the elite in Santo Tomás, Nicaragua

Ideally, poverty indicators improve because poor people’s livelihoods are improved. They can, however, also improve
because poor people are expelled from the territory. This article explores the case of the cattle region of Chontales, Nicaragua, which
during 1998–2005 experienced economic growth and declining poverty rates, spurred by investments and organizational development.
The article argues that in the absence of pro-poor coalitions, these investments facilitated the return and strengthening of the local elite
and that the observed decline in poverty rates emerges as the result of dispossession and subsequent exodus of the poor rather than of
inclusive economic growth.